神经炎症定义
神经炎症是中枢神经系统（CNS，即大脑和脊髓）内由小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞等常驻细胞（有时包括浸润的外周免疫细胞，如淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞）激活所介导的复杂免疫反应过程，涉及多种促炎介质（细胞因子、趋化因子、活性氧等）的释放。神经炎症一般在CNS受损、感染、毒素的刺激下或在自身免疫的作用下会出现。最初是应对损伤或威胁的保护性机制，但若反应过度或慢性化，则会转变为有害过程，导致神经元损伤、功能障碍，并在多种神经系统疾病（包括神经退行性疾病、脑损伤、感染、自身免疫病和精神疾病）的发病机制和进展中扮演关键角色。
神经炎症与神经疾病
近日，世界顶尖期刊Science发表了一篇题为“Neuroinflammation across neurological diseases”的重磅综述，由首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院/天津医科大学总医院的施福东教授与加拿大Calgary大学的Wee Yong教授联袂撰写，系统性地比较了神经炎症在多发性硬化(MS)、脑卒中、阿尔茨海默病(AD)和帕金森病(PD)等重大神经系统疾病中的异同点，该综述突破性地提出尽管这些疾病在临床表现和病理特征上存在显著差异，但它们共享神经炎症这一共同病理基础，且炎症反应的时空动态变化直接影响疾病进程与神经损伤程度。
图1. 多发性硬化症、中风、阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病的神经炎症成因
参考来源：Science 388, eadx0043 (2025). doi: 10.1126/science.adx0043
在生理状态改变的情况下，体外免疫细胞会侵入大脑，具有促炎性作用，并分泌细胞因子。这会使M1激活的小胶质细胞引发的免疫反应加剧，从而导致神经炎症，促进与神经退行性疾病相关的蛋白质聚集和脑损伤。
图2. M1型小胶质细胞激活诱导促炎性细胞因子的产生
参考来源：Front Neurosci. 2020 Feb 4:14:13. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00013.
了解常用靶点
AIF1
AIF1是一种细胞质钙结合蛋白，主要表达于巨噬细胞、小胶质细胞和T淋巴细胞等免疫细胞，分布于脑、肾、肝等组织。其生理功能包括调控吞噬作用、细胞骨架重塑（F-actin）及免疫细胞（如巨噬细胞、T细胞）的活化、迁移，同时参与神经稳态维持与小胶质细胞功能调节。AIF1可作为小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞的特异性标记物，用于免疫组织化学染色，帮助诊断神经系统疾病、肾脏疾病、自身免疫性疾病等。AIF1可作为单核/DC来源肿瘤的诊断标志物。靶向干预AIF1（如反义寡核苷酸）可改善肾脏修复和心脏功能，提示其治疗潜力。
IL-1 beta
白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β/IL-1 beta)是一种核心的促炎细胞因子，主要由单核-巨噬细胞等免疫细胞产生。IL-1β在宿主防御和炎症反应中起核心作用，能引发发热、急性期反应，并激活其他免疫细胞（如NK细胞），促进Th17分化。细胞内IL-1β通常以无活性的前体形式存在，当炎症反应发生时，IL-1β需经过IL-1β转化酶Caspase-1的剪切活化，然后分泌到细胞外。病理条件下，IL-1β表达量增加，其过度活化参与多种疾病，包括类风湿关节炎、痛风、糖尿病、骨关节炎等。
IL-6
IL-6是一种功能广泛的多效性细胞炎症因子，属于白细胞介素家族中的重要成员，IL-6是一个小分子糖蛋白，分子量为19~28 kDa，由184个氨基酸形成四个α螺旋结构，通常以单体形式存在，它是由纤维母细胞、单核/巨噬细胞、T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、上皮细胞、角质细胞、以及多种瘤细胞所产生。IL-6参与许多疾病的发生和发展，炎症、病毒感染、自身免疫疾病等均可导致其血清水平升高，而且它的变化比CRP更早，细菌感染时IL-6迅速升高，PCT在2h后增加，而CRP在6h后才迅速增加，因此可用来辅助急性感染的早期诊断。
NF-κB p65
NF-κB p65是NF-κB家族成员之一，NF-κB是一种多效性转录因子，几乎存在于所有细胞类型中，并参与许多生物学过程，例如炎症、免疫、分化、细胞生长、肿瘤发生和凋亡。NF-κB受翻译后修饰和亚细胞区室化的各种机制以及与其他辅因子或共抑制因子的相互作用的控制。
TNF alpha
TNF alpha是一种由157个氨基酸组成的同源三聚体蛋白，属于促炎细胞因子，是TNF超家族的原型配体。主要由活化的巨噬细胞、T淋巴细胞和自然杀伤细胞产生。在生理条件下，TNF alpha参与体内平衡调节、突触可塑性、学习和记忆以及睡眠/觉醒周期。TNF alpha表达水平高与神经炎症和神经退行性疾病有关。
深入解析不同疾病中神经炎症的特异性与共性，最终实现“精准抗炎”与神经保护的平衡，将是未来神经科学研究的核心目标。神经炎症的精准治疗依赖于可靠生物标志物的开发，相关研究靶点及优质抗体研究工具可查看下表：
|
靶点 |
货号 |
抗体类型 |
种属 |
应用 |
|
AIF1 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Mouse |
WB |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
ALOX5 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
ASC/TMS1 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
Rabbit pAb |
Mouse,Rat |
WB |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Caspase-1 |
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB |
|
|
CD11b |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
|
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Mouse,Rat |
WB |
||
|
CD11c |
Mouse mAb |
Human |
Flow-Cyt |
|
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF,IP |
||
|
CD25 |
Mouse mAb |
Human |
Flow-Cyt |
|
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Rat mAb |
Mouse |
Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
CD163 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
COX-1 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
|
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF,IP |
||
|
COX-2 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
ICC/IF,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF |
||
|
CXCL2 |
Rabbit pAb |
Mouse |
WB |
|
|
CXCR1 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB |
|
|
CXCR3 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB |
|
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
CXCR4 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
GFAP |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
IHC-P,IHC-F,IF,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,ICC/IF,ELISA |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
ICAM1 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB,ELISA |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
IFN gamma |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ICC/IF,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
Flow-Cyt,ICC/IF |
||
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
Flow-Cyt,ICC/IF |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
Flow-Cyt,ICC/IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,ICC/IF,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
IL-1 alpha |
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB |
|
|
IL-1 beta |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
IL-2 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
IL-6 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,ELISA |
|
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
IL-6R |
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
IL-8 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,ELISA |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
IHC-P |
||
|
IL-10 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,ICC/IF,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
IL-17A |
Rabbit pAb |
Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
IL-18 |
Rabbit pAb |
Rat |
IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
IL-23 |
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB |
|
|
IL-23R |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ELISA |
|
|
iNOS |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF,ELISA |
|
|
LRRK2 |
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF |
|
|
NFKB p65 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
ICC/IF,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
p-NFKB p65 (Ser276) |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
p-NFKB p65 (Ser536) |
Rabbit pAb |
Mouse |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
NLRP3 |
Rabbit pAb |
Mouse |
Flow-Cyt |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,ELISA |
||
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
ICC/IF |
||
|
NOX2 |
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
|
|
Nrf2 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF,Flow-Cyt,ICC/IF |
|
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF,Flow-Cyt,ICC/IF |
||
|
p-Nrf2(Ser40) |
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF,Flow-Cyt,ICC/IF |
|
|
p38 MAPK |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
ICC/IF,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF,Flow-Cyt,ICC/IF |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
p38 MAPK (T180) |
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IF,IHC-F,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
p38 MAPK (T180/Y182) |
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IF,IHC-F,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
p-p38 MAPK (T180 + Y182) |
Rabbit pAb |
Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,ICC/IF,IF,Flow-Cyt,ELISA |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
||
|
PTGES2 |
Rabbit pAb |
Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
TLR2 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
TLR4 |
Mouse mAb |
Mouse |
WB |
|
|
TLR5 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB |
|
|
TLR6 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
IHC-P,IHC-F,IF,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
TLR7 |
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
TLR8 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
TLR9 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB |
|
|
TLR10 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB |
|
|
TNF alpha |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
ICC/IF,Flow-Cyt |
|
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human |
ICC/IF,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
ICC/IF,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
ICC/IF,Flow-Cyt |
||
|
Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB |
||
|
TNFR2 |
Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
|
|
TREM2 |
Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,IHC-F,IF |
Bioss提供高质量、高灵敏度的ELISA试剂盒，靶点涵盖全面，包括细胞因子、生长因子和受体等，广泛应用于神经科学研究：
| 货号 | 产品名称 | 灵敏度 |
| BSKV0013 | Human CCL17/TARC ELISA Kit | 7pg/ml |
| bsk11036 | Human CXCL10/IP10 ELISA Kit | 15 pg/mL |
| bsk11161 | Human IFN-β ELISA Kit | 7.8 pg/mL |
| bsk11013 | Human IFN-γ ELISA Kit | 7 pg/mL |
| bsk11039 | Human IL-1α ELISA Kit | 2 pg/mL |
| bsk11001 | Human IL-1ß ELISA Kit | 4 pg/mL |
| bsk11002 | Human IL-2 ELISA Kit | 4 pg/mL |
| bsk11007 | Human IL-6 ELISA Kit | 2 pg/mL |
| bsk11008 | Human IL-8 ELISA Kit | 7 pg/mL |
| bsk11010 | Human IL-10 ELISA Kit | 7 pg/mL |
| BSKH63918 | Human NEFL ELISA Kit | 5.9pg/mL |
| bsk11014 | Human TNF-α ELISA Kit | 7 pg/mL |
| bsk12001 | Mouse IFN-γ ELISA Kit | 4 pg/mL |
| bsk12015 | Mouse IL-1ß ELISA Kit | 7 pg/mL |
| bsk12004 | Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit | 4 pg/mL |
| bsk12005 | Mouse IL-8/CXCL8 ELISA Kit | 7 pg/mL |
| bsk12007 | Mouse IL-10 ELISA Kit | 7 pg/mL |
| bsk12002 | Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit | 7 pg/mL |
| bsk13006 | Rat IL-1ß ELISA Kit | 15 pg/mL |
| bsk13005 | Rat IL-6 ELISA Kit | 32 pg/mL |
| bsk13014 | Rat IL-10 ELISA Kit | 15 pg/mL |
| bsk13003 | Rat TNF-α ELISA Kit | 15 pg/mL |
